Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

Hypocrisy on Animal Farm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In George Orwell’s novel Animal Farm, the animals possess many traits that humans portray such as emotion and physical qualities and activities. The novel withholds many examples of hypocrisy among the animals. These acts of hypocrisy originate from the animals hatred for the humans, which eventually transforms them into humans in an animal form and the major downfall of Animal Farm. These acts of hypocrisy are primarily summoned by the pigs in many different fashions including the higher equality, the ban on human characteristics and activity and the basis of â€Å"four legs good, two legs bad†. The higher equality of certain animals was a major contribution to the general act of hypocrisy that takes place on Animal Farm. During the beginning of the novel, all the animals are equal and happy, but once the pigs gain total control, they decide to change the rules. : â€Å"All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.†(90). This is hypocritical due to the sudden change of the animal’s views. During the beginning of the novel, all the animals are equal and agree upon equality as a group. After a while, the pigs begin creating rules that help to provide and advantage themselves. After the pigs make this statement, the other animals begin to see that Napoleon and his committee are very similar to their previous owner, Mr. Jones. While the pigs are living the simple life of relaxation, the other animals are doing slave labour to ensure that humans do not regain control of Animal Farm and ensuring that they don’t not lose control of their o wn lives. Another ac of hypocrisy located in the novel, deals with the ban on human appearances and human activity. During one of the first meetings after the rebellion, the animals make the rules clear and state that they will apply it to every animal on the farm. : â€Å"No animal must ever live in a house, or sleep in a bed, or wear clothes, or drink alcohol, or smoke tobacco, or touch money, or engage in trade.†(6). Despite the rules agreed upon by the animals at the starting of the novel, the pigs decide to become more like the humans and gain complete control over Animal Farm. Things at first seem pretty reasonable, like the learning to read and write, but when the pigs begin wearing clothes and compromising with the neighbouring farm owners, the animals become suspicious of their motives.

Arrival of the Bee Box by Sylvia Plath Essay

Plath’s arrival of the Bee Box is a poem which depicts a box containing bees. In regards to this theme, it is not the only poem that Plath has approached bees as she wrote The Beekeeper’s Daughter. Additionally this poem can also be seen as a classical allusion to Pandora’s box as it concerns a feared object, which may cause destruction if opened. At first this box is looked upon with distrust, and possibly fear, as there is a lack of control of the contents of this box. However the speaker gradually rears itself to gain control or at least power in regards to the box and feels more confident about approaching it. Initially there is a sense of uncertainty about the nature of the box. It is first said to be a â€Å"clean wood box/square as a chair and almost too heavy to lift† (1-2). This is a clear and objective description of the box however a contradicting depiction of the box follows: it is said to be the â€Å"coffin of a midget/or a square baby† (3-4). These are images of distortion with references to death, which can leave a somewhat disturbing image of the box. This misshape is also found on the final line of the introductory stanza as Plath describes it as having â€Å"not such a din in it† (5), yet in the midst of claiming silence Plath introduces an assonance(â€Å"in†) giving the sentence an acoustic trait. This sense of uncertainty is quickly replaced by fear as Plath now becomes concerned with the box’s basic attributes, such as it being â€Å"locked† and â€Å"dangerous† (6). As such it allows her to introduce the theme of control; the speaker has indeed â€Å"ordered this† (1) box yet the box, once delivered, is considered unapproachable and to be a burden (â€Å"I have to live with it overnight† -7). As such the lack of control becomes clear and it may even be said that it is the box that has started taking ownership of the speaker. And this ownership is in the form of fascination, the speaker cannot stop from exploring the box (â€Å"There are no windows, so I can’t see what is in there† -9) despite the reasons not to do so. Overwhelmed by fascination, the speaker â€Å"puts her eye to the grid†(11). This reveals a box with reminiscent themes of African slavery. For example the speaker has â€Å"the swarmy feeling of African hands† (13). In addition to this there are references to slave trade (â€Å"shrunk for export†-14) and the theme of dislike of captivity is conveyed by placing the consonance of an â€Å"ll† sound in the last line: â€Å"black on black, angrily clambering†. This resonates the bees (and the slaves) want to escape their prison. Later on we also find this same assonance associated to unpleasant noise (â€Å"It is the noise that appalls me most of all,/The unintelligible syllables.†17-18). Also the use of assonance (â€Å"dark, dark†-12; â€Å"black on black†-15) achieves a similar effect and sustains this unease. The reference of slavery may be related to the Civil Rights movement in America in the 1960’s and it would be Plath’s way of conveying the cries for equality. Most important however are the threatening nature of these complaints which draw back into the theme of control and underline that the speaker still does not feel safe in regards to the box and its contents, especially as the content is alive and fervent. The speaker then ponders as to how to let the bees escape (16). However such a choice is not made as the threat of the bees build up. Firstly a buzzing sibilance,†It is the noise that appals me most of all† (17), echoes the presence of the bees but it also provokes confusion, destabilizing the speaker who becomes confused in regards to what the bees are trying to communicate with him (â€Å"The unintelligible syllables†-18). This lack of understanding can be understood as the bees are now even more threatening, they are now a â€Å"Roman mob† (19), a symbol of rebellion. In spite of the individual bee being harmless, it is the bee’s nature as a swarm that impresses the speaker: â€Å"Small, taken one by one, but my god, together!†(20). The next stanza provides the first hints that the speaker is finally in control of the situation. Firstly, the speaker â€Å"lay[s his] ear to furious Latin† conveying the need to understand the bees, something not previously achieved. But to be properly able to understand them, the speaker discards all the Roman associations, which could be a symbol of power over the speaker. This is done by declaring â€Å"I am not a Caesar† (22). However this statement is ambiguous in the sense that it contains a paradox as the speaker both mentions power, when the need for power is obvious, and yet denies wanting or having it. Regardless of this, the speaker does finally gain power over the bees. Such is achieved by the speaker announcing that â€Å"I have simply ordered a box of maniacs.†(23). Not only does the speaker finally settle as to what the box is (having previously been uncertain about it), but the concept of power grasp resonates by the use of â€Å"simply†, allowing to set aside any previous problems about this box and imposing the speakers interpretation on it. This leads to multiple statements about what the speaker can do with this newly realized power such as: â€Å"They can be sent back./They can die†(24-25). This leads to the culmination of this stanza with triumphant, yet dispassionate, assertion â€Å"I am the owner† (25). This statement chimes throughout this stanza due to the anaphora of â€Å"I† serving as a reminder of who is now in charge. Additionally the short and concise sentences present throughout this stanza act as orders, another way of displaying authority. This newly gained authority is enjoyed as the speaker now settles and starts musing about the bees:†I wonder how hungry they are† (26). Again we find an anaphora, but this time it is â€Å"I wonder† (26-27), which is one of the first clear clues for choice as they introduce hypothetical statements which rely on will to be realised. Following this Plath makes another of her classical allusions, this one being the Greek myth of Daphne. This allusion is done to represent the extent to which the speaker, relishing the newly unveiled power, is now dreaming about what could be achieved with the bees, as now an extra touch of magical realism is added to the poem. In this trail of thoughts, the speaker refers to the ability to transform into a blond tree, the colour of honey, so as to appease the bees. The speaker also hopes to be ignored by the bees, dressed in a â€Å"moon suit and a funeral veil† (32). In this statement we can interpret the moon suit to be the usual beekeeper’s suit, but more importantly the moon suit gives an imposing, and possibly bizarre, image of the speaker. Additionally we find again a reference to death sustaining the dark aspect of the poem. The specific reference to a funeral may imply that the speaker is now mourning over the chase for power with the bees. Irrespective of this, the speaker ceases day-dreaming and instead rationalizes that â€Å"I am no source of honey/So why should they turn on me?† (33-34). This provides a justification for setting the bees free without the fear of being attacked. In doing so the reader claims to be â€Å"sweet God†(35), which links back to the references of â€Å"I am not a Caesar†(22). Indeed both these statements refer to power, but both also display a nuance in regards to the kin d of power that should be gained; there is an attempt at the distinction between a tyrant and the image of a kind and respected leader, â€Å"The box is only temporary† (36). Such ends the poem. One of its first roles is to create a couplet with the â€Å"free â€Å"of the previous line. However this conclusive line also serves as a way of declaring that perhaps choice is finally in the speaker’s hands. However the statement does not give the speaker the choice not to open up the box, which is after all what the bees and later on the speaker want. As such Plath ends the poem ambiguously by not being clear as to whether or not there has been a definite success. Throughout this poem, Plath has dealt with the struggle for control with the bees. At first she panics but then manages to calm down and make a rational decision about what should be done. Panics and confusion are often caused by the bee’s buzzing which may allow us to suggest that she uses bees as a metaphor for scary thoughts, a kind of paranoia. Indeed the buzzing sound that reverbs would be an easy way to drive someone mad and thus paranoia is a good candidate for this metaphor. In fact, the bees having been ordered by the speaker, presumably Plath, we can say that Plath is dealing with a personal dilemma. This would be reminiscent of Plath’s life by 1960, wherein she had multiple cases of trauma and was in a state of mental decline. It can then be concluded that Arrival of the Bee Box is indeed confessional poetry.

The Effects of the Berlin Confernece on Africa Essay

Africa is a large country and Europe noticed this, they wanted to capitalize on everything it had to offer. Africa has a large quantity of natural resources including oil, diamonds, gold, iron, cobalt, uranium, copper, bauxite, silver, petroleum and cocoa beans, but also woods and tropical fruits. Much of its natural resources are undiscovered or barely harnessed. The Berlin Conference was Africas undoing in more ways than one. The colonial powers superimposed their domains on the African continent. By the time independence returned to Africa in 1950, the realm had acquired a legacy of political fragmentation that could neither be eliminated nor made to operate satisfactorily (Muller, 301). In 1876 the king of Belgium, Leopold II†¦show more content†¦French claims Pierre de Brazza was ok with French taking control of todays Republic of the Congo. This convinced Italy to become part of a Triple Alliance, disturbing Bismarcks carefully laid plans with Italy. The extent of Portuguese control on the coasts, penetration by France across Central Africa toward Ethiopia, the Nile, and the Suez Canal, Britain saw its vital trade route through Egypt and its Indian Empire threatened. The collapsed Egyptian Economics and a large riot which had hundreds of Europeans and British subjects murdered, the United Kingdom intervened in nominally Egypt, which would later become British territory. Due to the disappointment of Bismarcks power in European politics caused by Leopolds gamble and later European race for colonies, Germany felt obligated to act and started beginning trips of its own which scared both British and French explorers. Hoping to soothe this growing conflict, King Leopold II was able to convince France and Germany that common trade in Africa was in the best interests of all three countries. Under support from the British and Portugal, , German Chancellor, called on representatives of Austria, Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Norway the Ottoman Empire, and the United States to take part in the Berlin Conference to work out a plan. However, the United States did not actually join in the conference because it was not able to

Hiroshima; Right or Wrong Essay - 992 Words

1) Describe the main arguments, reasons, and evidence that support the perspective of Historian A. -Historian A had a lot of reasonable and strong perspectives on the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima. She views the United States was not justified in dropping the bomb. A huge argument begins with the U.S. knowing that Japan was trying to surrender. This is a great example of unnecessarily kicking someone when they are already down. The Japanese wanted peace and tried to surrender, the only condition was that they could keep their emperor. The U.S. declined and said they had to have an â€Å"unconditional surrender.† After the bombing, the U.S. let Japan keep their emperor anyway. The U.S. could have saved so many lives if they had†¦show more content†¦America had a bad experience with letting a condition slide during World War 1, which was a mistake and led to the next World War. The U.S. did not want to risk more war and denied Japan of their condition. They also believed that if they allowed Japan to keep their emperor, it would encourage Japan to be more resistant against the U.S. to see what they could get away with. We also didn’t want to show any signs of weakness by straining our strict policy of not accepting anything less than â€Å"unconditional surrender.† Historian B claims that Japan actually wanted more than just their emperor, which shows that the bombs were necessary to keep out further war. The quick dropping of the bombs wasn’t to keep Russia out of war considering the U.S. did not know the exact date of Russian entry. Officers were instructed to drop the bombs when weather was appropriate and the quicker to end the war, the better. The bomb was also not used to scare the Russia considering the Russians were too resistant to U.S. policies in Europe. The use of the bomb being dropped on empty land would have been a waste of a bomb and time. It took two bombings on Japan to bring the surrender shows that the bombing of empty land would not have been effective. The committee also recommended it be u sed on military targets. Importantly, the U.S. warned Japan that the use of an atomic bomb would be ordered against them unless they acceptedShow MoreRelated Was the U.S. Right or Wrong Using the Atomic Bomb in ?Hiroshima?674 Words   |  3 Pagesatomic bomb to the end of World War II. Gar Alperowicz, in his article, â€Å"Hiroshima Remembered: The U.S. was Wrong†, the evidence to prove that America didn’t need to use atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagashaki to end the war. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Contrary to this article John Connnor in his article â€Å"Hiroshima Remembered: The U.S. was Right† is trying to prove and convince reader that using atomic bomb on Hiroshima was necessary to end the war and it saved tremendous amount of American andRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1174 Words   |  5 PagesMorality of The Bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki There have been various arguments regarding the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that continually surface as to whether it was necessary or morally right to drop the atomic bomb on Japan. Depending upon whose side of the argument you have heard causes one to question whether this was a morally right or wrong decision that was made. Serious reconciliation is needed due to this event, and both sides of the argument need to be strongly consideredRead MoreTruman s Decision For The Atomic Bomb980 Words   |  4 Pagescountries making the same bomb? What if it falls into the wrong hands? They would have the power to eliminate whatever they wanted.† Harry S. Truman had the tremendous decision that could and would change life forever. The atomic bomb was not like any other bomb. The atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, also known as Little boy was the biggest atomic bomb the world has ever seen. Truman made the right choice of choosing to drop the bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki because it saved lives, caused destructionRead MoreUnited States Should Not Drop The Nuclear Bombs On Japan.1369 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica dropped two nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki respectively. Those two bombs brought severe damages to these two cities including over 200,000 innocent lives. Many people believe that Japan deserve to be bombed due to many reasons, primarily because Japan first attacked United States at Pearl Harbor. However, it is still wrong and unnecessary for United States to drop two bombs respectively on Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the two bombs not only bring destructions toRead MoreIn August 1945, a uranium-type atomic bomb was dropped by the United States on Hiroshima, Japan,900 Words   |  4 Pageswas dropped by the United States on Hiroshima, Japan, during the final stages of World War II. The following months after the bomb was dropped, many people were killed by burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries. These effects la sted about 4-6 months. Around 90,000 to 166,000 people died either instantaneous or the lasting effects. On August 15th, just days after the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan announced their surrender to the Allies. Hiroshima and Nagasaki remain the only two citiesRead More Drop The Bomb? Essay656 Words   |  3 Pages U.S. History - Grech Atomic Bombs Dropped on Japan, Justified? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;On August 6th and 9th of 1945 U.S. bombers dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, causing utter destruction and many deaths. These bombs were dropped as the Pacific battles of World War II were coming to an end. Soon after Japan surrendered, ending the war. But, was the use of atomic warfare necessary? Was it too harsh and cruel to the JapaneseRead MoreAtomic Bomb On Hiroshima And Nagasaki846 Words   |  4 Pageshits you. However it is no use, your life had ended. Thousands of people died instantly as an atomic bomb was dropped over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, thousands more died because of the effect after. No weapon compares to the magnitude of destruction an atomic bomb causes. In the history of the world, atomic bombs have only been used twice. This was during World War II in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. On June 1941, the Manhattan Project was commenced under the care of the U.S. Office of Scientific ResearchRead MoreEssay On The Atomic Bomb837 Words   |  4 Pagesthis type of strategy is still in use. Is the bombing of innocent people justified if it ultimately brings an end to the war? The dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II clearly exemplifies the ethical question of whether bombing civilians was right or wrong. The decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was not clear cut. Harry S. Truman and his associated generals (Stimson and Groves) had to come to a conclusion on how to swiftly end the war withRead MoreAmerican Involvement During World War II1451 Words   |  6 Pageseventually would end with the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The amount of damage that the atomic bombs used in Nagasaki and Hiroshima did many times more damage as what the Japanese did when they attacked Pearl Harbor. But, how much damage did they do? How many people did they kill? Well throughout the essay my question to answer will be, To what extent has the bomb droppings affected Japan? I believe that the droppings of the bombs were morally wrong and were not necessary to be able to stopRead MoreAmerica Chose To Drop Atomic Bombs On Japan, And This Affected1314 Words   |  6 PagesStates on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Atomic bombs terrify everyone today, but at that time, th ey were considered an indispensable step for an early end to the war with minimal human losses. Some people believed the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were necessary to end the war. Some people believed the bombings were a terrible mistake. Many of the events that shaped this creation were The Manhattan Project, the actual creation of the atomic bomb, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki. Therefore

Medicine And Control Of Drugs - 886 Words

Medicine and Control â€Å"100 people die from drug overdoses every day in the United States.†(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, December 12, 2011) this statistic is decently high, as it means that for every one hundred thousand people in the United States, about twelve die per day due to high doses of prescription painkillers. The method for controlling these substances varies from extreme control to very lenient, allowing them to be misused, stolen, and in a rare case prescribed unnecessarily. Usually, the system in place can protect people with good sensibilities, by making the prescriptions require a refill as given by their doctor. However this does not stop all possibilities, and can be a problem if the medications are stolen or lost, causing the patient to lack the drugs in an emergency. The system can be improved upon, with more regular doctor visits, and policy changes to how prescriptions are handled in general. The method by which a prescription medication is acquired currently, is via a doctor request. A patient will visit a medical professional, who will then review the patient’s history and prescribe a medication depending on the ailment, whether it is pain, nausea, or perhaps a lack of ability to focus on the subject at hand. After the initial visit it is up to the patient to request a follow up with the doctor, unless their condition is more serious or requires a stricter schedule. While there are many different prescription drugs abused, the mostShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Medicines On The Pharmaceutical Industry1266 Words   |  6 Pagesreducing margins in the pharmaceutical industry and the demonstration that medicines can be produced locally in a number of countries, the population has massively turned to the illicit market, due to the absence of a pharmaceutical monopoly. In Burkina Faso, the illicit market accounted for 20-25% of the country s peripheral drug sales. In Benin, where the illicit market accounted for 40% of sales, 60 to 80% of the drugs were counterfeit, defects, under and overdosed products. In Guinea too, theRead MoreTypes Of Poor Quality Medicines1456 Words   |  6 PagesTypes of poor quality medicines : Poor quality medicines can be classified into three different man types : substandard , counterfeit and degraded. Substandard medicines â€Å"are genuine medicines produced by legitimate manufacturers that do not meet the quality specifications that the producer says they meet. For example, they may contain less (or more) active ingredient than written on the package. This may not e an intention to cheat, but may be due to problems with the manufacturing process†.(WHORead MorePharmacology: Food and Drug Administration and Prescription Drug837 Words   |  4 PagesPHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION MED 1150 CHAPTER 1- Questions: 1, 2,3,4,7,10,11,13,14,15,16,18 CHAPTER REVIEW PAGE 18-20 QUIZ YOUR SELF 1. Describe the linguistic origin/etiology of the following words * Pharmacology: The study of drugs and the interactions with living tissue. * Origin of Pharmacology: Greek word pharmakon meaning medicine or drug * Drug: Any nonfood chemical substance that affect the mind and body. * Origin of Drug: Dutch word droog meaningRead MoreThe Medicine Of The Pharmacy Profession Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesThe only expert on drugs , Yes this is true . Pharmacology is the science of looking on drugs , their characteristics ,their structure The pharmacy profession is considered a double-edged , it is linked medical science to chemical sciences , through the use of pharmaceutical products and the effectiveness of security. And the word Pharmacy is not an Arab origin, but a Greek word derived from the Greek language and called Pharmakon that meaning medicine or drug . The pharmacy profession upscaleRead MoreDrug Pricing and Competition Issues in India Through Dpco and Cdcso Activites1135 Words   |  5 Pages1. Introduction Drug pricing is a complex phenomena. Different countries have different methodologies of pricing such as Germany has reference based pring. Canada has system of fixing pricing of patented drugs. India fix the prices of prescription drugs on the basis of cost of the drug. Cost is the main phemomena iin the pricing policies of the drugs. Pricing is important aspect of competition law also. But competition commission is not a price control agency. However price based anti-competitiveRead MoreThe Poor Medication Management System Essay976 Words   |  4 Pagesthere were many shortfalls in the continuum of the service delivery. However, flawed medicine management system was identified as the main challenge in the previous assignment. Therefore, poor medication management system is believed to be the crucial area to find out the solutions. In the rest home, medicines are supplied in a pre-packed manner by the pharmacy for each residents. Medicines signing sheets and medicines are regularly checked by Registered Nurse (RN) on duty to avoid any conflict whileRead MoreQuality Control Over Drugs And Cosmetics Act 1940 Essay1475 Words   |  6 PagesQuality control over drugs Quality control over drugs is made under the provisions of Drugs Cosmetics Act 1940 and the Drugs Cosmetics Rules 1945. The law has been amended from time to time to ensure that uniform standards are maintained throughout India. These amendments have empowered the Central Government to control the manufacture of drugs, to appoint inspectors for taking samples and inspecting manufacturing units and to appoint government analysts. India has a federal structure ofRead MoreHolistic Medicine Is A Healing Process1047 Words   |  5 PagesHolistic Medicine Most people in the US usually treat their medical problems with prescription drugs, but there are alternative ways to relieve their physical pain. The health care system is making billions of dollars in researching new drugs to treat medical conditions and takes many years of research to find an effective way. Medical professionals have to consider the risk of trying new drugs on patients such as clinical trials to reduce heart disease or other conditions. However, there are otherRead MoreWestern Vs Alternative Medicine For Western Medicine1352 Words   |  6 Pagesyou. You’ve had all the tests, they’ve diagnosed your condition, but the only thing they can offer you is a drug that may help relieve your symptoms. And possibly only for the short term at that. Having family in Dominica I always hear how I should drink different varieties of bush tea in order to cure sicknesses. Majority of the islands and other countries use traditional Chinese medicines in order to cur e sicknesses like the common cold the flu and other things. And I they need a major surgeryRead MoreWestern Vs Alternative Medicine : Which Is The Best For You?1355 Words   |  6 Pages Western Vs Alternative Medicine – Which is The Best For You? Imagine this, you’ve just had another visit to your Doctor and been told yet again that your condition hasn’t improved and may even be getting worse. There is nothing they can recommend for you. You’ve had all the tests, they’ve diagnosed your condition but the only thing they can offer you is a drug that may help relieve your symptoms. And possibly only for the short term at that. Having family in Dominica I always hear

Financial Institution Management and Regulation for Banking

Question: Discuss about theFinancial Institution Management and Regulation for Banking. Answer: Introduction: Due to the tight regulations of the Chinese banking system, shadow banking system has grown rapidly in the nation. The current report would focus on the ways the Chinese banks are regulated. In addition, the concept of shadow banking system is discussed along with the reasons behind its rising growth in China. The third section would lay stress on highlighting the risks that shadow banking has on the Chinese economy. Finally, the report would shed light on whether the government of China needs to enforce strict policies in order to regulate or control shadow banking system within the nation. Ways of regulating the Chinese banks: China used to follow the monolithic banking system, since its central bank, the Peoples Bank of China (PBC) is the sole entity authorised to conduct operations in the nation. The banking system was introduced in 1980 and during that time, four specialised banks were established for accepting deposits and carrying out banking operations (Bottelier 2015). In 1994, the government had established three more banks for particular lending purpose and with the passage of time, it had established a dozen joint stock commercial banking institutions and above 100 city commercial banks to operate in the nation. The major regulatory body governing the banking system of China is the China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC) and it enforces the rules and regulations for governing banks in the nation. In addition, the body carries out investigations and oversight of banks, accumulates and releases banking system data, approves bank foundation or diversification along with saving liquidity and solvency issues (Elliott, Kroeber and Qiao 2015). In addition, the PBC has significant control over the banking system of the nation. PBC has an important role to play in minimising total risk along with promoting solidity of the financial system. Furthermore, PBC is involved in regulating foreign exchange and lending between banks along with supervising the settlement and payment system of the nation. Shadow banking and reasons behind its rapid growth in China: In the words of Hsu and Li (2015), shadow banking system could be defined as the financial intermediaries carrying out banking functions in the absence of access to liquidity of the central bank or credit guarantees of the public sector. This system denotes the unregulated activities that the regulated institutions perform as well. The primary reasons that shadow banking has grown rapidly in China are the following: Failure of export-led growth: The net export demand of China has fallen drastically to -10% of GDP in 2009 after the global financial crisis. For combating with the recessionary effects, it had initiated a stimulus plan of RMB 4 trillion (Huang 2015). Even though the macroeconomic conditions are maintained effectively, the debt burden of the economy had increased. A huge portion of such lending had passed through the channel of shadow banking. Financial exclusion: Since the commercial banks could not meet the rising need of SMEs credit, shadow entities have grown up in the form of investment firms, rural credit cooperatives, investment firms, pawn shops and loan organisations. However, these entities charge greater interest rates in contrast to the bank rates generating adequate profits and these are transferred again to the shadow banking system. Risks of shadow banking to the Chinese economy: There are four risks of shadow banking to the Chinese economy, which are elucidated as follows: Liquidity risk: When credit intermediation took place, long-term investments are lent to current liabilities. Hence, this could lead to mismatch of liquidity, which could result in systemic risk. This is because such entities are associated with formal banks (Li, Hsu and Qin 2014). Leverage risk: Since there is absence of any regulatory prohibition on shadow banks, the leverage would be greater. This could raise the stress in the real economy and financial system of China due to development of inflationary tendencies in the economy. Hence, the overall financial system might be fragile highly. Regulatory arbitrage: Due to the presence of tight regulations in the Chinese formal banking system in relation to sources of finance and use of public deposits, the shadow banks evade them by transferring the credit intermediation technique to less or no regulated areas of the financial system. Contagion risk: Since there is strong linkage of the formal banking system with sides of assets and liabilities, the risk related to spread contagion is extremely high at times of uncertainty or loss of confidence (Li 2014). Necessity of governmental actions in regulating or controlling shadow banking: It is necessary for the Chinese government to regulate shadow banking for minimising the associations between capital markets and commercial banks. The commercial banks need include off-balance sheet exposures in its statement of financial position at a minimum rate per quarter (Lu et al. 2015). The trust companies are required to calculate risk capital for the trust loans that the banks have issued and loans obtained via notes and mandate financing need to be abolished. The Chinese government could make efforts to include the shadow banks in the formal system through conversion of underground shadow banks into local banks for meeting the requirements of SMEs (Wei 2016). Finally, CBRC could ask the banks to clear their pools of assets for adopting standalone accounting on the plans of financial management. Conclusion: Based on the above evaluation, it could be stated that China follows the monolithic banking system, in which PBC and CRBC comprise of the primary regulatory agencies governing the banking system of the nation. The reasons identified behind the expansion of shadow banking in China constitute of failure of export-led growth and financial exclusion. The major risks of the shadow banking system in China include liquidity risk, leverage risk, regulatory arbitrage and contagion risk. The primary intention would be to avoid the instability of the financial system of the nation and protection during inflationary times. Finally, it is necessary for the government of China to enforce strict control on the shadow banking system for minimising the associations between capital markets and commercial banks. References: Bottelier, P., 2015. Shadow banking in China.World Bank 1818H Association, Economics and Financial-Chapters [-EB/OLT.(2015-09-12) 2015-09-12. http.//siteresourees, worldbank, org/1818SOCIETY/Resources/Shadow_banking. pdf. Elliott, D., Kroeber, A. and Qiao, Y., 2015. Shadow banking in China: A primer.Brookings Institution,13. Hsu, S. and Li, J., 2015. The rise and fall of shadow banking in China.Political Economy Research Institute, Working Paper Series Number,375. Huang, R.H., 2015. The regulation of shadow banking in China: International and comparative perspectives.Banking Finance Law Review,30(3), p.481. Li, J., Hsu, S. and Qin, Y., 2014. Shadow banking in China: Institutional risks.China Economic Review,31, pp.119-129. Li, T., 2014. Shadow banking in China: expanding scale, evolving structure.Journal of Financial Economic Policy,6(3), pp.198-211. Lu, Y., Guo, H., Kao, E.H. and Fung, H.G., 2015. Shadow banking and firm financing in China.International Review of Economics Finance,36, pp.40-53. Wei, S., 2016.Shadow Banking in China: Risk, Regulation and Policy. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Nanotechnology Immortality Or Total Annihilation Essay Example For Students

Nanotechnology: Immortality Or Total Annihilation? Essay Technology has evolved from ideals once seen as unbelievable to common everyday instruments. Computers that used to occupy an entire room are now the size of notebooks. The human race has always pushed for technological advances working at the most efficient level, perhaps, the molecular level. The developments and progress in artificial intelligence and molecular technology have spawned a new form of technology; Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology could give the human race eternal life, or it could cause total annihilation. The idea of nanotech was conceived by a man named K. Eric Drexler (Stix 94), which he defines as Technology based on the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules to build structures to complex atomic specifications (Drexler, Engines 288). The technology which Drexler speaks of will be undoubtedly small, in fact, nano- structures will only measure 100 nanometers, or a billionth of a meter (Stix 94). Being as small as they are, nanostructures require fine particles that can only be seen with the STM, or Scanning Tunneling Microscope (Dowie 4). Moreover the STM allows the scientists to not only see things at the molecular level, but it can pick up and move atoms as well (Port 128). Unfortunately the one device that is giving nanoscientists something to work with is also one of the many obstacles restricting the development of nanotech. The STM has been regarded as too big to ever produce nanotech structures (Port 128). Other scientists have stated that the manipulation of atoms, which nanotech relies on, ignores atomic reality. Atoms simply dont fit together in ways which nanotech intends to use them (Garfinkel 105). The problems plaguing the progress of nanotech has raised many questions among the scientific community concerning its validity. The moving of atoms, the gathering of information, the restrictions of the STM, all restrict nanotech progress. And until these questions a re answered, nanotech is regarded as silly (Stix 98). But the nanotech optimists are still out there. They contend that the progress made by a team at IBM who was able to write letters and draw pictures atom by atom actually began the birth of nanotech (Darling 49). These same people answer the scientific questions by replying that a breakthrough is not needed, rather the science gained must be applied (DuCharme 33). In fact, Drexler argues that the machines exist, trends are simply working on building better ones (Unbounding 24). Drexler continues by stating that the machines he spoke about in Engines of Creation published in 1986 should be developed early in the 21st century (Unbounding 116). However many scientists still argue that because nanotech has produced absolutely nothing physical, it should be regarded as science fiction (Garfinkel 111). Secondly, nano-doubters rely on scientific fact to condemn nanotech. For example it is argued that we are very far away from ever seeing nanotech due to the fact that when atoms get warm they have a tendency to bounce around. As a result the bouncing atoms collide with other materials and mess up the entire structure (Davidson A1). Taken in hand with the movement of electron charges, many regard nanotech as impossible (Garfinkel 106). But this is not the entirety of the obstacles confining nanotech development. One major set-back is the fact that the nanostructures are too small to reflect light in a visible way, making them practically invisible (Garfinkel 104). Nevertheless, Nanotech engineers remain hopeful and argue that; With adequate funding, researchers will soon be able to custom build simple molecules that can store and process information and manipulate or fabricate other molecules, including more of themselves. This may occur before the turn of the century.(Roland 30) There are other developments also, that are pushing nanotech in the right direction for as Lipkin pointed out recent developments have lead to possibilities of computers thinking in 3-D (5). Which is a big step towards the processing of information that nanotech requires. Although there are still unanswered questions from some of the scientific community, researchers believe that they are moving forward and will one day be able to produce nanomachines. One such machine is regarded as a replicator. A replicator, as its name implies, will replicate; much like the way in which genes are able to replicate themselves (Drexler, Engines 23). It is also believed that once a replicator has made a copy of itself, it will also be able to arrange atoms to build entirely new materials and structures (Dowie 5). Ethnographic Paper EssayOne scenario which illustrates the danger of nanotech is referred to as the gray goo problem. Gray Goo is referred to as when billions of nanites band together and eat everything they come into contact with (Davidson A1). However, Davidson only gets the tip of the iceberg when it comes to the deadliness of gray goo. Roland better illustrates this hazards threat; Nanotechnology could spawn a new form of life that would overwhelm all other life on earth, replacing it with a swarm of nanomachines. This is sometimes called the gray goo scenario. It could take the form of a new disease organism, which might wipe out whole species, including Homo Sapiens(32). Simply put the nanites would replicate to quickly and destroy everything including the human race (Stix 95). Moreover, the rapid replication rate that nanotech is capable of could allow it to out-produce real organisms and turn the biosphere to dust (Drexler, Engines 172). However, death is only one of the da ngers of gray goo. If controlled by the wrong people, nanites could be used to alter or destroy those persons enemies (Roland 32). But gray goo is only of one of the many potential harms of nanotech. If so desired, nanotech could be used as a deadly weapon. Although microscopic robots dont sound like a very effective weapon, Drexler states that they are more potent than Nuclear weapons, and much easier to obtain (Engines 174). But aside from being used as a weapon, nanites would be able to produce weapons at a quick and inexpensive rate. In fact, with the ability to separate isotopes and atoms one would be able to extract fissionable Uranium 235 or Plutonium 239. With these elements, a person has the key ingredients for a nuclear bomb (Roland 34). As a result of the lethality of nano-weapons the first to develop nanotech could use it to destroy his rivals. New methods for domination will exist that is greater than Nukes and more dangerous (Roland 33). This along with simple errors, such as receiving the wrong instructions points toward nanotech doing more harm than good (Darling 56). Moreover, the threats from nanotech could be a potential cause of extinction (Drexler, Engines 174). Drexler continues by saying that unless precautions are taken nano could lead to complete annihilation (Engines 23). However, if nanotech does not lead to extinction, it could be used to increase the power of states and individuals. Bacon believes that only the very most elite individuals will receive benefits from nanotech. Beyond that however, it is perceived that advanced tech extends the possibilities of torture used by a state (Drexler, Engines 176). However, states will become more powerful in other ways. With the increase means of production, nanotech could remove the need for any if not all people (Drexler, Engines 176). This opens new doors for totalitarian states. They would no longer require keeping anyone alive, individuals would not be enslaved, rather they would be killed (Drexler, Engines 176). It is perceived that all the benefits would remove all interdependence, and destroy the quality of life itself (Roland 34). In the end, nanotech could give a lifestyle never before imagined. On the other hand, it could destroy entire species. The effects and potentials of nanotech are best sum med up by its inventor, Drexler, Nanotechnology and artificial intelligence could bring the ultimate tools of destruction, but they are not inherently destructive. With care, we can use them to build the ultimate tools of peace (Engines 190). The question of how beneficial nanotech will prove to be, can only be answered by time. Time will tell whether developments and progress in artificial intelligence and molecular technology will eventually produce true nanotechnology. And, if produced, whether this branch of science will give us immortality or total annihilation.